The physical layer of networking. Explore how raw data is converted into signals and transmitted across various media.
Core components, Network Criteria, Transmission Modes (Simplex/Duplex), and Topologies (Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring, Hybrid).
Analog/Digital signals, Transmission Impairments (Noise/Attenuation), Data Rate Limits, and Modulation.
Guided Media (Twisted Pair, Coax, Fiber) and Unguided Media (Radio, Microwave, Infrared).
Multiplexing (FDM, TDM), Switching Principles (Circuit, Packet), and Network Devices (Hubs, Switches).